THE SCIENCE OF POETRY John W. Cooper
Example 1: Shaping Mud Into a Form 
When my grandfather died in September of 1994, I wrote down some mud and forgot about it. Here is a transcription of what my notebook held. 
This illusion of self holds flesh, a hand in his hand 
This illusion of self holds a trick of reality by the hand and weeps from frail misconceptions. The all huge most powerful unthinking thing sometimes called the universe has reclaimed my grandfather into its own unself. 

There is no difference between his breathing and not breathing, between suffering and not suffering. Only that when he was breathing, suffering, he could tell me those stories that I listened to ten times apiece. Now he won't tell me the eleventh time, and I have forgotten the stories. Then I will forget his comfortable voice, and eventually his last smile and fascinated eyes will pass my tightly searching closed eyes, too fast to see. 

What does it matter that I will soon forget? I too will be forgotten, even by my own illusion of self.

I put the mud away and forgot about it (writing mud is easy enough to do when I am emotional, but writing poetry often requires that I am in a more detached frame of mind). Half a year later I was looking over some of the mud in my notebook, and came across the lines about my grandfather's death. I noticed that the piece began and ended with the same phrase, "illusion of self". 

I knew that a lot of Irish poems repeat beginning words, phrases or lines at the end, and I was interested in trying an Irish form as an exercise. I started looking through Turco's Book of Forms for an appropriate Irish form. I settled on studying the droighneach, because it had the ending word/phrase repetition, and because it had alliteration and word types that I could see coming out of my mud. I began, as I do with most unfamiliar forms, by writing down notes about the form. My notes from Turco's description looked like this:
 

Droighneach: Irish, syllabic, quatrain I think 
  • 2 cross-rhymes in each couplet (at least)
  • lots of allit. - usually final word in each line alliterates w/ preceding stressed word (always does on last line of stanza)
  • stanzas can consist of > 1 quatrain
  • Poem ends with first syllable, word, or line 
  • each line is 9 to 13 syllables, always ending in trisyllable word
x x x b x x x (x x a)
x x x x a x x x (x x b) (couplet)

The last lines of code were copied to use as a map of the form while I wrote-a's and b's represented rhyming syllables. Since I could find no example of the form, I decided to go with what I had and make an attempt.

Finding no example was good, in a way, because I could interpret Turco's description of the form to make the writing a little less difficult. For one thing, I did not have to rhyme perfectly: I decided to rhyme very lightly, rhyming just the end syllable of each line, even if it was unstressed (a technique I have seen in other Irish forms). The only difficulty I foresaw was finding enough words with three syllables in them to use at the ends of lines, but that turned out to be the easy part. I also wanted to have the poem show some of the bitterness I felt when I had written the mud. Here is my first take at some lines:
 

This illusion of self holds a trick of reality 
by the hand and he weeps from frail conceptions
Powerful it is, [huge and worse] [huge, this curse?], this unthinking 
thing that is called by itself sometimes "universe" 

It has reclaimed into its own un-self sense my grandfather.
For breathing, or not breathing-there is no difference
[^needs rhyme]

*** [nothing written yet] ***
...I too, will be forgotten,
even by my own self, by this illusion [last line]

Kind of sketchy, but I figured that with a lot of massaging and rewriting I could hack out the whole thing. The fact that "illusion" is a trisyllable word almost forces it to be the last word of the poem; "illusion of self", my favorite phrase, cannot end the poem without breaking the form (which at this point I was willing to do-it could still be a poem, even if it was not a droighneach). Here's my second attempt:
 

This illusion of self holds held a trick of reality
by the hand and he weeps wept from frail conceptions. 

The all huge most powerful curse, this unthinking 
thing that sometimes calls itself "universe"
has reclaimed into its own unsense my grandfather.
To suffer, to not suffer-there is no difference

only, when he was even in the state of breathing, suffering,
he could bring me thoughts, and wonderful
stories I would listen to eleven
times apiece. But never again. I have forgotten 
some of his comfortable voice already
and finally
his last kind smile and fascinated eyes, widening 
at fantasies of his last great adventure
will pass my tightly searching closed eyes. Memories
like these are too quick for me. why contemplate 
all of this though? Wait long enough Someday I too will be forgotten
even by my own self, even by this illusion

Now I was getting somewhere (slowly). My quatrain-grouping was abandoned in my efforts to make couplets have light rhyme to connect them. But meanwhile, the poem was beginning to look hopeful. I was keeping original thoughts and thinking of others as I tried to fit them into the droighneach structure. Here is an almost final version, set into quatrains:
 

This illusion of self holds a trick of reality 
by the hand and weeps for frail missed conceptions.
The all-huge most powerful curse, the unthinking 
thing that sometimes calls itself "Universe" 

will reclaim into its own unsense my grandfather.
To not suffer? To breathe no more? There's no difference.
Only that while he's able to breathe, while suffering,
he can bring me more of those wonderful

stories I will listen to ten or eleven
times apiece, and still forget. I have forgotten
some of his comfortable voice already.
Next his strong touch will leave me. And finally,

his always fascinated eyes (widening
now from fantasies of his last great adventure)
will pass right by my tightly closed eyes. Memories
like these will peek at me from shadowlands,

and he will walk there, never completely
appearing. Someday we'll be together
though: one day, I too will be forgotten;
even by my own self, even by this illusion.

At this point the poem was almost complete. It had a beginning, middle, and end-although a few symbols, images, and adjectives could be thrown into a couple stanzas to tighten it up. It more or less followed the droighneach form, but needed a little more alliteration at the ends of stanzas, and the line lengths (in syllable count) needed to be evened out a bit. The meter was predominately iambic, and could be strengthened-though at this point I wasn't too worried about the meter (the triplets at the ends of the lines seem to hold the meter together, and the form allows for a loose beat). 

It was mostly the thematic continuity that needed help. I struggled with it a while, reading the quasi-poem over and over and mentally inserting phrases. Then I thought of the image that I needed, that could be presented in several places throughout the poem to bring it all together. I would use the image of my hands. Throughout the poem the occasional images of my hands and their actions would show reflections of my feelings of grief and anticipation of loss. Here is the final poem, with a title: 
 

DYING DROIGHNEACH OF MY UNDERLYING BITTERNESS 

This illusion of self holds a trick of reality 
by the hand and weeps for frail missed conceptions.
The all-huge most powerful curse, the unthinking 
thing that sometimes goes by the name "Universe"

will reclaim into its own unsense my grandfather.
To not suffer? To breathe no more? There's no difference.
Only that while he's able to breathe, while suffering,
he can bring me more of those wise, wonderful

stories I will listen to ten or eleven
times apiece, and then still forget. I have forgotten
some of his smiling, comfortable voice already.
Next his strong touch will leave my fingers. And finally,

his ever fascinated eyes (widening
now from anticipating his next great adventure)
will pass right by my tightly closed hands. Memories
like these will peek at me from the shades of shadowlands,

and he will walk among them, never completely
appearing. Perhaps someday we'll be together
though: one day, I too will be forgotten;
even by my own self, by this lonely illusion.

Now the alliteration at the ends of the stanzas helped to solidify the meter, and the subtle mention of hands in at least three places throughout the poem kept the stanzas linked thematically (or symbolically). 

When I passed this poem out most of the reviews were favorable; the biggest problem that readers seemed to have with it was the title, which I must agree is kind of lame. In the first place, nobody knows what a droighneach is, much less a dying one. Also, to most readers the poem has very little bitterness in it. This was strange for me to discover, because I see signs of implied bitterness throughout the piece. I have yet to change the poem's title, (the major reason I've kept it so far is that it keeps a droighneach beat, and acts like one of the lines in the poem) but if I submit it to a magazine or journal I'll probably change it to Illusion of Self or something like that. 

PAGE 6 OF 8
PREVIOUS CONTENTS NEXT